P.66. What are strong acids, give an example?
C.66. Strong acid: HClO4 (perchloric acid), HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
P.67. What are strong bases, give an example?
C.67. Strong base: NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide), Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide)
P.68. What are weak acids, give an example?
C.68. Weak acid: HF (hydrogen fluoride), HCN (hydrosionic acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
P.69. What are weak bases, give an example?
C.69. Weak base: NH3 (ammonia), Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide), Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)
P.70. Explain how H+ ratio OH- ratios in a chemical substance are in acidic, basic and neutral properties?
C.70. If the H+ ratio in a chemical is higher than the OH- ratio, the solution is acidic, and if the H+ ratio is less than the OH- ratio, the solution is basic. If the amount of H+ and OH- is equal, the solution is neutral.
P.71. What are the purposes of mercerization?
C.71.
A- Uniform swelling of the cellulose fibers
B-Achieving a shine on the fabric surface
C-Dimensional stability
D-Higher strength
D-Better paint take-up due to increase in inner surface
E-Increasing dye absorption ability in immature and “dead” cotton
Q.72. What does bleaching mean, explain?
C.72. The primary purpose of the bleaching process is to remove the colored impurities (dyers) that give the undesirable browning to the cotton. Oxidative bleaching agents are used to bleach cotton. When working with such substances, bleaching begins with the release of atomic oxygen. The most important oxidative bleaching agents are hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride.
P.73. What does dispersion mean, give an example?
C.73. Homogeneous mixtures formed by at least two insoluble substances with or without an excipient. dispersion is called. Dispergator or additive to the auxiliary used to form the dispersion. disperse substance It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
Sample:
chalk powder+water+disperser=dispersion
The substances that make up the dispersion do not change their properties and do not undergo a chemical change.
P.74. What does emulsion mean, give an example?
C.74. A homogeneous mixture formed by two insoluble liquids with or without an auxiliary substance is called an emulsion. In other words, if the substances forming the dispersion are in the liquid phase, this dispersion is called an emulsion.
Sample:
Oil + water mixture + emulsifier = emulsion
Q.75. What does disperse substance mean?
C.75. Dispergator or additive to the auxiliary used to form the dispersion. disperse substance It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
P.76. What does suspension mean, give an example?
C.76. A homogeneous mixture formed by an insoluble liquid and a solid with or without an auxiliary substance is called a suspension. In other words, if one of the substances forming the dispersion is liquid and the other is solid, this dispersion is called suspension.
Sample:
Chalk powder + water + dispersant = suspension
Q.77. What does the finishing process mean?
C.77. All of the physical and chemical processes that the raw cloth that comes out of the weaving factory or business undergoes before it is ready for sale are called Finishing processes.
P.78. To what extent are the finishing processes of textile products divided into applications?
C.78. The finishing processes of textile products are divided into two according to the application method:
1. Age Finishing Operations
2. Dry Finishing Processes
P.79. Classify textile finishing processes simply?
C.79.
1. Pre-Treatment
2. Coloring
a) Painting
b)Print
3. Finishing operations
Q.80. What is the means of transferring finishing materials to the textile product (application), which methods are used for this?
C.80.
In order to make textile product finishing; It is necessary to contact the textile product with a finishing agent in solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion. For this, various methods are applied and this Methods;
1-puller
2- Impregnation
3-Transfer
4-spraying
5-Foam methods.
The selection of machines used in these methods should be selected and adjusted in accordance with the type of textile product to be processed. Due to the many features required in the dyeing of textile surfaces, there is a wide range of options in the selection of dyeing machines and apparatus. The sensitivity of the textile product, the unique properties of synthetics and the desired product properties play a major role in machine selection.
P.81. Machine vw systems that transfer finishing materials to textile product are divided into how many groups, what are they?
C.81.
1-Discontinuous machines and systems
2-Semi-continuous (semi-continuous) machines and systems
3-Continuous (Continuous) machines and systems
Q.82.What does finishing mean?
C.82. Before leaving the finishing facility after the pre-treatment and coloring processes of the textile material, they must undergo all mechanical and chemical processes. called finishing processes or finishing processes.
Q.83. What are the operations that have an effect on the fabric size?
C.83. Washing, mercerization, resting, raising, calendering, steaming, etc. processes are effective on fabric dimensions.
P.84. What are the processes that ensure the permanence of the properties imparted to the fabric by being fixed?
C.84. Processes such as boiling, decaturing and heat-fixing ensure the permanence of the properties gained to the fabric by being fixed.
Q.85. What does pre-treatment mean?
C.85. At the beginning of textile finishing, all of the processes of removing foreign materials from the fabric in preparation for other finishing processes. Pre-Finishing Operations It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
P.86. What are the main properties obtained in fibers as a result of a good pretreatment?
C.86. Not all textile products need to undergo all pretreatment processes. The main properties obtained in fibers as a result of a good pretreatment can be listed as follows:
Removal of foreign materials such as sizing, trash, pectin, oil, wax, catalytic substances
hydrophilicity
Percentage of hygroscopic moisture
Constant PH
degree of whiteness
Swelling of the fiber
P.87. Do all textile products need to undergo all pretreatment processes?
C.87. Not all textile products need to undergo all pretreatment processes. The reason is usage feature.
P.88. What does Direct Dyestuff mean?
C.88. They are dyestuffs that can be dyed directly without requiring any pre-treatment in the dyeing of cellulosic fiber.
P.89. What is each of the dye molecules called?
C.89. Each dye molecule is called a monomer.
P.90. What state should the dyestuff molecules be in while adhering to the fiber surface and spreading into the fiber?
C.90. While direct dye molecules are attached to the fiber surface, in aggregateas it spreads into the fiber in monomer should be.
Q.91. What are the wet fastnesses of acid dyestuffs that dye wool products in strongly acidic, weakly acidic and moderately acidic environments?
C.91. Acid dyestuffs that dye in a strongly acidic environment have low wet fastnesses and moderate light fastnesses. Acid dink or acid super dink dyestuffs, which dye in weakly acidic or neutral environments, are dyestuffs with the highest wet fastnesses. The wet fastnesses of acid dyestuffs that dye in moderately acidic medium are not as low as acid dyes.
P.92. What is the Purpose of Washing Fastness Test, please explain?
C.92. Washing fastness test is the fastness test performed to check the durability of the color against different washing conditions in dyed and/or printed textile products.
P.93. How many types of gray scales are used for washing fastness test, please explain?
C.93. Two types of gray scales are used for washing fastness testing. One of them is 2 scale. The lowest fastness value is “5” and the highest fastness value is “1”. The other gray scale is 5 scale. In this scale, the lowest and highest fastness values are the same as in the 9-scale scale. However, there are intermediate values between each value. Therefore, more precise measurements can be made.
P.94. What are the fastness values in 9 scale gray scale?
C.94. Fastness values in 9 scale gray scale are as follows:
1----------------- Lowest fastness value
1-2
2
2-3
3
3-4
4
4-5
5----------------- The highest fastness value
S.95. What is used to measure acidity and alkalinity of solutions?
C.95. pH paper or pH meter is used to measure acidity and alkalinity of solutions.
P.96. If the H+ ratio in a chemical is higher than the OH- ratio, what property does the resulting solution show?
C.96. The solution is acidic
P.97. If the H+ ratio in a chemical is less than the OH- ratio, what property does the resulting solution show?
C.97. solution basic
P.98. If the H+ ratio in a chemical is equal to the OH- ratio, what property does the resulting solution show?
C.98. solution neutral
p.99. Explain why PH papers are not used in pH measurements of bleaching, dyestuff solutions and dispersions, and what is the measuring device used?
C.99. pH papers cannot be used for pH measurements of bleaching, dyestuff solutions and dispersions. Accurate measurements cannot be made as oxidizing and reducing substances affect the color of the pH paper, and in dyestuff solutions, the dyestuff stains the pH paper. In these cases the pH of the solution or dispersion should be measured with a pH meter.
p.100. What is the feature of pH papers?
C.100. In pH papers, the indicator dye is attached to the test paper by covalent bonds. Therefore, the indicator is fixed on the paint paper. It does not flow from the paper during analysis.
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