The process of adding value (finishing) to textile products is a very old craft, namely the desire to make textile products more beautiful and more colorful, as old as knitting and weaving.For centuries textile dyestuffs depended on natural dyestuffs derived from fruit, wood and various minerals. Ocker, Zinnober as the mineral used in dyeing; as plants, indigo, krapp root, redwood can be shown. Very valuable colors were obtained from cochenille and some animal. With the combination of technique and chemistry in the 19th century, a great step was taken in beautifying textile products. With the production of synthetic dyestuffs, almost all of the natural dyestuffs used before have been left aside.In parallel with the development of dyestuff chemistry, there have been great developments in the field of technique, namely machinery. However, with the synthetic fibers that have started to be produced, an upward rise has started in the textile sector. The bleaching of fabrics laid on the grass with the help of the sun or the help of rain and wind applied until the middle of the 19th century, with the development of technology, reduced the process that used to take weeks and months before to much shorter hours with the development of technology and left its place to these machines.
Thanks to the automatic machines produced in the 19th century, the modern printing system has eliminated the patterning system with the wooden models used in the past. With the production of synthetic fibers, the task of developing better machines and better technology has fallen to the field of beautifying textile products. The essentially easy-care properties of synthetic fibers have led researchers to develop the technique of finishing synthetic fibers.When it comes to textile finishing, all the processes done to make textile products more beautiful, more valuable or better come to mind. Textile finishing processes are the processes that aim to change the external appearance of the textile product such as color, brightness, etc. or its properties according to the usage area. Textile finishing processes are applied depending on the type and chemical structure of the product. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the product during the finishing processes. It is necessary to work very carefully and sensitively during the different finishing processes applied in order not to decrease the quality and not to deteriorate the fiber structure. It is a process that includes several processing steps (for example, pre-washing, dyeing, drying, printing, steaming, etc.)
BASIC OPERATIONS IN TEXTILE FINISHING
All of the processes applied to change the qualities (appearance, attitude, etc.) of textile products according to the place of use or consumer demand. Textile Finishing processes It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
In the strict sense, they are the processes of the raw cloth that comes out of weaving before it is ready for sale. Textile finishing processes; fiber, yarn, weaving, knitting etc. It is applied to products in the form of textile surface (fabric). However, compared to other product shapes, fabric products are processed more.
Sorting in textile production processes: Fiber, yarn, weaving/knitting, finishing and clothing/technical use. When we look at this order, finishing processes are in the 4th place. The first three production stages have been made, that is, a textile product with an increased added value should pass to the garment production stage without any problems in the finishing process. As the textile material loses its value at the end of a faulty process, it is important that the effort spent before this stage is wasted.
PRE-FINISHING PROCESSES
Pretreatment processes are a very important process applied both wet and dry. The purpose of the pre-treatment processes is to purify the auxiliary materials (size, etc.) applied to the yarns during the weaving and knitting processes, or more precisely, to ensure that they are thrown over. During the pre-treatment processes, the cleaning level required for the next processes is also given to the textile product by washing the stains and dirt, and the surface is brought to a smoother structure with the mechanical processes applied to the surface.
In pre-treatment processes, the textile product to be finished is prepared for dyeing or printing. Bleaching and washing are the two most important processes in pretreatment processes. The purpose of the washing process is to purify the textile material from all kinds of foreign matter. These foreign substances are natural and chemical substances.
These are, for example, bark and plant residues in cotton fabric or sizing agents used in sizing prior to weaving in previous processes.
If the fabric is not purified from these foreign substances, the dye will not be leveled during dyeing and a smooth dyeing cannot be achieved.
FINISHING OPERATIONS
To the processes applied by mechanical, chemical and thermal methods in order to give textile products a better appearance, attitude and use. Finishing operations It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
The reason why it is defined as finishing processes is that these processes are the last process applied after the pre-treatment and coloring (dyeing and printing) processes. After these processes, the product, which has become a product, is now ready for sale and use at the same time. In the past, only one process was applied as a finishing process that improved the handle of the product, and this was called the finishing process. Over time, as other special finishing processes (water repellent, wrinkle-proof, flame retardant, etc.) began to be applied, they were given names such as water-repellent finishing, anti-crease finishing. Today, in some countries, the word finishing or finishing is used in a narrow sense only for wool finishing processes.
COLORING (DYEING AND PRINTING) PROCESSES
Coloring textile surfaces, or more precisely, dyeing process, takes place by treating the product with dyestuff solution, various auxiliary and chemical substances (wetting agent, salt, alkali and acid). Absorption of the dyestuff dissolved or dispersed in water by the textile product is the most important point in dyeing. The realization of a good dyeing depends not only on the adhesion of the dyestuff to the textile surface and its placement in the fiber, but also on its chemical or physical bonding to the fibers. Since the absorption and binding of the dyestuff by the product depends on the chemical and physical structure of the product, the dyestuffs to be used are also different for each textile product. Depending on the desired use and production fastness, a suitable dyestuff selection should be made.For the dyeing of textile products, there is a large choice of dyestuffs, whether for natural fiber or synthetic fiber fabrics or for fabrics composed of a mixture of both. With these dyestuffs, all kinds of desired nuances and high degree of color fastness can be obtained.
Printing process
It can be defined as the local coloring process applied to the textile product. The advantage of modern textile printing over other patterning processes (knitting, weaving, tufting etc.) its production speed.
METHODS OF TRANSFERRING FINISHING MATERIALS TO TEXTILE PRODUCT (APPLICATION)
In order to make textile product finishing; It is necessary to contact the textile product with a finishing agent in solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion.
For this, various methods are applied and this Methods ;
1-puller
2- Impregnation
3-Transfer
4-Spraying
5-Foam
They are methods.
The selection of machines used in these methods should be selected and adjusted in accordance with the type of textile product to be processed. Due to the many features required in the dyeing of textile surfaces, there is a wide range of options in the selection of dyeing machines and apparatus. The sensitivity of the textile product, the unique properties of synthetics and the desired product properties play a major role in machine selection. Therefore, machines and systems are divided into 3 groups. These;
1-Discontinuous machines and systems
2-Semi-continuous (semi-continuous) machines and systems
3-Continuous (Continuous) machines and systems
APRE
Before leaving the finishing facility after the pre-treatment and coloring processes of the textile material, they must undergo all mechanical and chemical processes. finishing or finishing processesi It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
The purpose of the finishing operations on the textile product after coloring; to change and improve the attitude and appearance of the product.
To individuals and businesses that carry out these transactions, the apreciar It called.
What are impacted teeth?
When one or more teeth fails to grow in the correct position and is therefore held below the normal gum line, it is called an impaction. This can be complete, such as completely unerrupted (buried) third molars (wisdom teeth) or partial when just part of the tooth is visible in the mouth.
Why are impactions important?
For best function and appearance the teeth should grow in a healthy alignment. When one or more teeth is impacted, this can affect the function of that tooth but also the function and appearance of other teeth.
Whether all impactions should be treated is still controversial and your dentist and oral and maxillofacial team can explain the advantages and disadvantages or treatment for you, which is usually surgical.
Not all of the chemical and mechanical finishing processes are applied to every product.
Some criteria are taken into account when finishing processes. These; form of the product, type of fiber, purpose of use, degree of permanence, thinness and thickness of the product.
For example, static electricity seen in synthetic fibers occurs in natural fibers. does not come. BFor this reason, the anti-static finishing can only be applied to products produced from synthetic fibers. Fiber type is taken into consideration when finishing chemically and mechanically.Some finishing processes can be applied to all common fibers, while others are not.
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